$p_t$-differential quantity $v_2\left(p_t\right)$ is meant to measure elliptic flow manifested by a dense QCD medium formed in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. Elliptic flow may be referred to more neutrally as a cylindrical quadrupole component of the transverse motion of particle sources within a collision. …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034911] Published Mon Sep 14, 2026

We assess the effects of a recently proposed generalized relaxation time approximation (RTA) for multispecies relativistic gases within a realistic numerical hybrid framework and study its phenomenological consequences in $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions. The novel approximation introduces counterterms to …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034912] Published Mon Sep 14, 2026

In low-energy heavy-ion collisions, baryon stopping is an important process, in which protons from the initial colliding nuclei are stopped at the midrapidity region. Quantifying such stopping can reveal information on the properties of the nuclear medium, such as net-baryon density. Although experi…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034908] Published Fri Sep 11, 2026

We investigate charm-quark dynamics in asymmetric $\mathrm{Cu}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at top energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using a Langevin approach embedded in a realistic hydrodynamic background. The intrinsic asymmetry of the colliding nuclei leads to a spatially lopsided initial ene…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034909] Published Fri Sep 11, 2026

Higher-order cumulants between the mean transverse momentum and elliptic flow are calculated in a relativistic viscous hydrodynamic model of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The results of the hydrodynamic simulations are compared with calculations using event-by-event predictors of the final coll…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034910] Published Fri Sep 11, 2026

We study the sensitivity of anisotropic flow in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV to the neutron skin of ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ using the improved string-melting version of a multiphase transport (AMPT) Model. By varying the neutron surface diffuseness, we trace the impact of several neutron-skin scenarios from the i…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034901] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

Photons and dileptons produced in high energy nuclear collisions contain undistorted information about the conditions at their point of emission, such as the local temperature, flow velocity, and chemical potential. Using state of the art modeling of the collision dynamics, which reproduce hadronic spectra, the authors find good agreement with measurements by the STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Collider, but differ from measurements by the PHENIX Collaboration in terms of magnitude but not shape. This work shows that the multimessenger approach to heavy-ion collisions previously used at higher energy is amenable to baryon-rich environments at lower temperatures, and paves the way for more comprehensive studies of the QCD phase diagram.

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034902] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

We present an upgraded formula for Wigner function and spin polarization of fermions emitted by a relativistic fluid at local thermodynamic equilibrium at the decoupling, which improves the one obtained by F. Becattini, M. Buzzegoli, and A. Palermo [Phys. Lett. B 820, 136519 (2021)] and by S. Y. F. …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034903] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

The simultaneous observation of strong sequential bottomonium suppression and small azimuthal anisotropy constrains the time scale and geometry of quarkonium dissociation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This work investigates an early-time contribution in which strong pre-equilibrium color fie…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034904] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

Relativistic ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ collisions provide a valuable opportunity to study both the quark-gluon plasma formed in small systems and the intrinsic structure of ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$. Recent implementations of ab initio nuclear configurations in heavy-ion simulations have produced different predictions for cluster-sensitiv…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034905] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

We present a new formulation for the mean-field propagation part of relativistic quantum molecular dynamics, simulating an $N$-body system of interacting Gaussian wave packets via Lorentz scalar and vector potentials. Covariant equations of motion are derived based on the principle of least action wit…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034906] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

The correlation between vorticity and spin alignment in heavy-ion collisions can be probed through polarization measurements of hadrons, whose total spin originates from both constituent-quark spins and orbital angular momentum in the quark-model framework. So far, experimental measurements have bee…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 034907] Published Tue Sep 08, 2026

Equations of a boost-invariant and cylindrically symmetric perfect hydrodynamics are solved numerically for initial conditions inspired by the wounded nucleon model. The energy-momentum and spin tensors are used in the form that describes a relativistic massive gas governed by Boltzmann statistics. …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024910] Published Mon Aug 31, 2026

We present variable precision GP (VarP-GP), a new cost-efficient Bayesian emulator for expensive computational models with variable statistical precision. We focus on the interpretation of measurements of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) generated in high-energy nuclear collisions, through comparison to…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024911] Published Mon Aug 31, 2026

We present a data-driven analysis within a quantum evolutionary microscopic framework to constrain the in-medium bottomonium potential. In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, bottomonium bound states serve as invaluable probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) owing to their negligible production in th…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024912] Published Mon Aug 31, 2026

The centrality dependence of strange ($K_S^0$, $\mathrm{\Lambda }+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$) and multistrange (${\mathrm{\Xi }}^{-}+{\overline{\mathrm{\Xi }}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{\Omega }}^{-}+{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}^{+}$) hadron production is measured by ALICE in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV, using the full dataset collected during the LHC Run 2 ca…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024909] Published Thu Aug 20, 2026

We investigate the elliptic-flow splitting between prompt $D^0$ and $D_s^{+}$ mesons within a heavy-quark transport framework with sequential hadronization, in which $D_s^{+}$ forms at $1.2T_c$ and $D^0$ at $T_c$. We present model calculations for the $p_T$-differential $v_2$ and predictions for the $D_s^{+}/D^0$ yield ratio in O-O $0–\mathrm{2\dots }$

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024907] Published Mon Aug 17, 2026

Jet substructure studies at the CERN Large Hadron Collider have been used to constrain parton distribution functions, test perturbative quantum chromodynamics, measure the strong-coupling constant, and probe the properties of the quark-gluon plasma. We extend these studies to lower collision energie…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024908] Published Mon Aug 17, 2026

We quantify to what degree the QCD matter created in high-energy oxygen-oxygen ($\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{O}$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.36$ TeV reaches a locally equilibrated state. For this purpose, we employ a novel framework based on the core-corona picture that describes the dynamics of both locally equilibrated fluids (the co…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024906] Published Wed Aug 12, 2026

Heavy-ion collisions produce final states with thousands to tens of thousands of particles, making their simulation among the most computationally intensive tasks in high-energy nuclear physics. We present a fast, high-fidelity generative model for heavy-ion events based on a score-driven diffusion …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024904] Published Mon Aug 10, 2026

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider measured the second Fourier component $v_2$ of the direct-photon azimuthal anisotropy at midrapidity in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=200\mathrm{GeV}$. The results are presented in 10% wide bins of collision centrality and cover the transverse-momentum range…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024903] Published Fri Aug 07, 2026

(Multi-)strange particle production rates and transverse momentum distributions are measured at midrapidity $\left(\right|y|<0.5)$ as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density by the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass ener…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024901] Published Mon Aug 03, 2026

We systematically investigate the scaling properties of the transverse momentum spectra for pions, kaons, and protons in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV, as well as in $\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{U}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=193\mathrm{GeV}$, across different centrality classes, using experimental data …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 024902] Published Mon Aug 03, 2026

The thermal modification of the exclusive decay $K_1^{+}\left(1270\right)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}{K}^{+}$ in a hot hadronic medium is studied. The decay amplitude is constructed from effective hadronic interactions dominated by the $\rho$- and $K^{*}$-pole contributions, thereby enabling a Dalitz-level analysis of the three-body decay in the medium.…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014918] Published Tue Jul 28, 2026

The global spin polarization of hyperons in heavy-ion collisions have been investigated by including spin-correlation effects among their constituent quarks. The available data on global spin polarizations of hyperons and spin alignments of vector mesons provide constraints on phase-space functions …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014914] Published Mon Jul 27, 2026

As an extended and more complete version of the primary QCD nucleation model presented in [Phys. Rev. C 95, 024907 (2017)], the new model introduces explicitly the transition balance and formulates it in both macroscopic and microscopic descriptions. The microscopic description of the transition bal…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014915] Published Mon Jul 27, 2026

Using the $\mathrm{HYDJET}++$ model, we study the production of multistrange particles $(\varphi$ and $\mathrm{\Omega })$ in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 200 GeV as functions of transverse momentum and centrality. The model calculations employ earlier freeze-out hypersurfaces for multistrange particle production an…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014916] Published Mon Jul 27, 2026

We present a theoretical formalism for calculating first-order-in-opacity radiative energy loss that incorporates the spatial and temporal temperature evolution of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in a finite-size quantum chromodynamics medium with dynamical (i.e., moving) constituents. The derived expr…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014917] Published Mon Jul 27, 2026

In this work, we investigate the anisotropic suppression of reconstructed $K^{*0}$ resonances arising from hadronic rescattering using A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model for $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. We demonstrate that the rescattering probability of the decay daughters depends strongly on the …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014909] Published Tue Jul 21, 2026

By generating heavy-ion collision data with the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, a multiphase transport (AMPT) model, and the JAM model, the impact parameter $b$ in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=4$ and 11 GeV is reconstructed using supervised learning and unsupervised learning in m…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014910] Published Tue Jul 21, 2026

We investigate the impacts of intrinsic nuclear deformation and orientation on the yield suppression and momentum anisotropy of charmonia in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ and $\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{U}$ collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). The deformed nucleon density is parametrized via a modified Woods-Saxon distribution, w…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014911] Published Tue Jul 21, 2026

We employ physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to investigate the dynamical evolution of heavy quarks within the expanding hot QCD medium generated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The heavy quark dynamics are first modeled under the assumption of complete kinetic thermalization, followed b…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014912] Published Tue Jul 21, 2026

We present the yield, average transverse momentum, and collective flow calculations of $K^{*0}$ resonances in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=19.6$, 14.5, and 7.7 GeV using the AMPT model. It is found that, due to hadronic rescattering, the decay daughters of $K^{*0}$ interact with other particles in the medium, causi…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014913] Published Tue Jul 21, 2026

We compute the transport coefficient $\widehat{q}$ which quantifies the transverse momentum broadening of hard probes passing through the evolving glasma from the earliest stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We use a proper-time expansion method which is designed to study the glasma at very early times…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014906] Published Mon Jul 20, 2026

The production of ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}$ baryons in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV is investigated within the quark recombination framework, including the energy loss of light and charm quarks inside the hot and dense medium. The model simultaneously describes the transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}$ baryons, ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}\dots$

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014907] Published Mon Jul 20, 2026

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions produce femtometer-scale sources whose space-time structure can be constrained using two-particle femtoscopic correlations. Standard implementations rely on the smoothness and on-shell approximations, which effectively remove the relative momentum dependence of the …

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014908] Published Mon Jul 20, 2026

The authors present both qualitative and quantitative advances in extracting transport coefficients and other parameters for the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy ion collisions. The manuscript uses extensive data sets from all four of the original RHIC experiments to calibrate the input to a full 3-dimensional simulation based on relativistic hydrodynamics. The authors consider both a large system (Au+Au) as well as several small systems (d+Au, p+Au and ${}^3$He+Au). The success in describing small systems provides strong support for the hydrodynamic paradigm, and also helps resolve a long-standing puzzle between STAR and PHENIX measurements in such systems.

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014905] Published Wed Jul 15, 2026

We introduce a novel deep convolutional neural-network-(NN) enhanced Bayesian global analysis of bulk observables in highest-energy heavy-ion collisions using relativistic $2+1\mathrm{D}$ second-order viscous hydrodynamics with a dynamical freeze-out and with perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and satur…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014904] Published Fri Jul 10, 2026

Jet modification in heavy-ion collisions provides microscopic access to the properties of the quark-gluon plasma. However, conventional approaches based on traditional global observables, such as $R_{AA}$, capture limited information about the complex dynamics of parton-medium interactions during hard sc…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014903] Published Wed Jul 08, 2026

Femtoscopy with photon pairs is a particularly attractive tool for studying high-energy nuclear collisions. Proposed and extensively discussed in several influential theory articles, it has seen only a few applications in experiment because of statistics limitations. With the progress of detectors a…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014902] Published Mon Jul 06, 2026

This study constrains the range of in-medium mass modification through a comparison of theoretical calculations with experimental transverse momentum spectra and the yield ratio $\overline{p}/p$ of protons and antiprotons. Based on the constrained range and a Gaussian source model with radial flow, the theoreti…

[Phys. Rev. C 114, 014901] Published Wed Jul 01, 2026

The earliest phase of an ultrarelativistic heavy ion collision can be described as a highly populated system of gluons called glasma. We study some glasma characteristics related to the system's angular momentum. The first one is the global angular momentum perpendicular to the reaction plane, which…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064910] Published Mon Jun 29, 2026

We present a data-driven deep learning framework for predicting multiple bulk observables in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). A single neural network is trained exclusively on experimental measurements of charged-particle pseudorapidity densit…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064911] Published Mon Jun 29, 2026

We study the influence of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) on collective observables—the directed ($v_1$) and elliptic flow ($v_2$) of nucleons and light clusters—in heavy-ion collisions at gigaelectronvolt energies energies using the parton-hadron-quantum-molecular dynamics (PHQMD) approach. A novel d…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064909] Published Fri Jun 26, 2026

The Woods-Saxon (WS) potential, a well-established model describing the central mean field potential in atomic nuclei, plays a critical role in studies of nuclear structure and nuclear reactions. Currently, research on the WS potential primarily focuses on the forward problem, solving for wave funct…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064908] Published Tue Jun 23, 2026

Measurement of particle emission source is a fundamental objective of femtoscopy in high-energy nuclear collisions. Conventional analyses rely on Gaussian parametrizations of pair emission sources, which makes the extraction of single-particle emission sources challenging, particularly for rare part…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064907] Published Mon Jun 22, 2026

Four-volumes ($V_4=$ spatial-3-volume$\times$lifetime) are calculated within the model of three-fluid dynamics (3FD) and compared with those of the jet AA microscopic transport model (JAM). The calculations are performed for central $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at energies of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=3–19.6\mathrm{GeV}$. These $V_4$'s indicate optimal co…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064906] Published Wed Jun 17, 2026

We examined the potential impact of decays on the magnitude of fluctuations of net quantum numbers and integrals of balance functions based on a thermal hadron gas model. The calculations are based on a comprehensive list of known hadrons with masses up to $2.5\mathrm{GeV}/c^2$ and include all decays of these h…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064905] Published Fri Jun 12, 2026

We study open-charm hadrons production in pp and $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV using an improved multiphase transport (AMPT) model. Specifically, we show the transverse-momentum spectra and nuclear modification factors $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of $D^0$ mesons and ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}$ baryons, as well as the ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}/D^0$ ratio in pp and $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ c…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064904] Published Thu Jun 11, 2026

The kinetic-to-hydrodynamic crossover in the quark-gluon plasma is conventionally diagnosed by scale ratios such as the Knudsen and inverse Reynolds numbers, which are not metrical on the space of distributions. I equip the Denicol–Niemi–Molnär–Rischke (DNMR) 14-moment manifold with the Fisher-Rao m…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064903] Published Mon Jun 08, 2026

The observable $v_0\left(p_{\mathrm{T}}\right)$, which quantifies event-by-event fluctuations of the differential transverse-momentum spectrum, has been proposed as a direct and sensitive probe of radial flow in heavy-ion collisions. Recent measurements at the CERN Large Hadron Collider exhibit a clear mass ordering for pion…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064902] Published Fri Jun 05, 2026

We develop a framework to calculate transport properties in cold, dense relativistic quasiparticle system within the Fermi-liquid theory at the mean-field level. Building on our previous study J. Li et al. [Phys. Rev. C 111, 044904 (2025)], we start from the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equatio…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 064901] Published Thu Jun 04, 2026

We present results on the production of ${\pi }^{\pm }, K^{\pm }, p$, and $\overline{p}$ in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=54.4\mathrm{GeV}$ using the STAR detector at RHIC, at midrapidity ($\left|y\right|<0.1$). Invariant yields of these particles as a function of transverse momentum are shown. We determine bulk properties such as integrated particle yiel…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054907] Published Tue May 19, 2026

Noncentral heavy-ion collisions produce hot and dense nuclear matter with significant fluid vorticity, which can induce global polarizations or alignments of particles with nonzero spins along the direction of the total orbital angular momentum. This phenomenon has been observed for hyperons and vec…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054906] Published Mon May 18, 2026

We report high-statistics measurements of fifth- and sixth-order factorial cumulants and cumulant ratios of (net-)proton multiplicity distributions in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=7.7–27\mathrm{GeV}$, using data from the STAR experiment collected during the Beam Energy Scan Phase II at RHIC. Protons and antiproton…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, L051901] Published Fri May 15, 2026

I study the event-by-event fluctuation and rapidity decorrelation of the mean transverse momentum $\left[p_T\right]$, which has recently been proposed as a sensitive probe of the equation of state at finite baryon density. The investigation reveals that, in a baryon-rich medium, the event-by-event fluctuation of …

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054904] Published Mon May 11, 2026

Dissipative processes are pivotal for understanding the hydrodynamic evolution of hot and dense quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions. The interplay of multiple conserved charges—net baryon, strangeness, and electric charge—is of particular interest. We simul…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054905] Published Mon May 11, 2026

We investigate the role of intrinsic nuclear geometry of ${}^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ nucleus in particle production in small collision systems. Discrete geometrical representations of ${}^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, including bipyramidal $\alpha$-cluster structure in two different configurations along with NLEFT configurations, are implemented within the…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054903] Published Thu May 07, 2026

We perform the first simultaneous Bayesian inference of the temperature-dependent heavy-quark spatial diffusion coefficient $2\pi T{\mathcal{D}}_s$ and the scaled jet transport coefficient $\widehat{q}/T^3$ in the heavy flavor sector, utilizing $D$-meson nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{AA}}$ and elliptic flow $v_2$ data from $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisio…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054902] Published Mon May 04, 2026

Many features of heavy-ion collisions are well described by hybrid approaches, where the droplet of strongly coupled quark gluon plasma (QGP) is modeled by hydrodynamics and the subsequent dilute stage is performed with a hadronic transport model. Conventionally, the formation of a QGP is well estab…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 054901] Published Fri May 01, 2026

Total reaction cross sections for ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$-induced reactions are investigated over a wide energy range from 0 to 5000 MeV using an intranuclear cascade (INC) model. The model is an extension of the framework previously applied to nucleon-, deuteron-, and α-particle-induced reactions. The experimental dat…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044918] Published Thu Apr 30, 2026

In this paper, we study the balance functions for pions, kaons, and protons in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = $2.76$ TeV using the Pythia8.3 + Angantyr model. The balance function is evaluated through two-particle azimuthal angular correlations ($\mathrm{\Delta }\phi ,\mathrm{\Delta }\eta$) between particle and antiparticle. Correlations are co…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044917] Published Mon Apr 27, 2026

The earliest phase of an ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision can be described as a highly populated system of gluons called glasma. The system's dynamics is governed by the classical Yang-Mills equation. Solutions can be found at early times using a proper time expansion. Since the expansion param…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044915] Published Thu Apr 23, 2026

Recent theoretical analyses show that spin current can be induced by the baryon chemical potential gradient $\nabla {\mu }_B$ which becomes sizable in the fireballs created in heavy-ion collisions (HIC) at a beam energy of $\mathcal{O}\left(10\right)$ GeV. This spin transport phenomenon can be considered as the cousin effect of the spi…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, L041901] Published Tue Apr 21, 2026

The contrast between the as-yet unmeasurable energy-loss effects in proton-nucleus collisions and the striking magnitude of the so-called high-momentum flow coefficients challenges our understanding of jet quenching mechanisms in large nucleus-nucleus collisions when applied to smaller systems. Inte…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044913] Published Mon Apr 20, 2026

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) in relativistic heavy-ion collisions originates from a chirality imbalance among quarks within metastable QCD vacuum domains and may be linked to charge-parity violation, which is believed to play a crucial role in the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe. Ove…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044914] Published Mon Apr 20, 2026

We show that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is an effective tool for mitigating nonflow effects in flow analysis. To this end, one constructs two toy models that simulate nonflow contributions corresponding to particle decay and momentum conservation, respectively. The performance of MLE is …

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044912] Published Fri Apr 17, 2026

Recent experiments have shown that the mean transverse momentum $\langle p_T\rangle$ of outgoing particles increases as a function of the particle multiplicity in ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions at collider energies. This increase was originally predicted on the basis of simulations where the multiplicity i…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044910] Published Thu Apr 16, 2026

The STAR Collaboration has reported a significant $\varphi$-meson global spin alignment $\left({\rho }_{00}\right)$ signal in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\le 62$ GeV by measuring the polar angle distribution of $\varphi$-meson daughters with respect to the orbital angular momentum direction of the collision system. In this paper, a new method is…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044911] Published Thu Apr 16, 2026

This paper presents the first measurement of the angle between different jet axes (denoted as $\mathrm{\Delta }{R}_{\mathrm{axis}}$) in $\text{Pb-Pb}$ collisions. The measurement is carried out in the 0–10 % most-central events at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Jets are assembled by clustering charged particles at midrapidity using the $\text{anti-}{k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ algorithm w…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044905] Published Mon Apr 13, 2026

Collisions of relativistic light ions, such as oxygen, neon, and magnesium, have been proposed as a way to examine the system-size dependence of dynamics typically associated with the quark-gluon plasma produced in collisions of heavier ions such as xenon, gold, or lead. Recent efforts at both the R…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044907] Published Mon Apr 13, 2026

The $T$ matrix of the heavy quark-antiquark ($Q\overline{Q}$) pair interacting through a screened Cornell potential in the quark-gluon plasma is computed without employing the partial-wave expansion. This is compared with the results obtained using the conventional method of partial-wave expansion. Through a comp…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044908] Published Mon Apr 13, 2026

Jet suppression in high-energy heavy-ion collisions results from jet energy loss and transverse-momentum broadening during jet propagation through the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The jet cone size ($R$) dependence of this suppression offers crucial insights into the energy loss mechanisms and QGP transp…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044909] Published Mon Apr 13, 2026

While hybrid approaches of relativistic $\mathrm{hydrodynamics}+\mathrm{transport}$ have been well established for the dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions at high beam energies, moving to lower beam energies is challenging. In this work, we propose dynamic initial conditions for the viscous hydrodynamic evolu…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044906] Published Fri Apr 10, 2026

Elliptic flow of deuterons is measured on simulated collision events of $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ at CMS energy of 2.76 TeV per colliding nucleon pair. We use a hybrid model that includes hydrodynamics for the deconfined phase and hadron transport as an afterburner. For deuterons, two production mechanisms are examined…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044904] Published Thu Apr 02, 2026

Isobaric collisions provide a unique opportunity to investigate how variations in the charge to mass ratio affect the final state observables produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Most importantly, isobaric systems that differ in their nuclear structure offer valuable insights into the unde…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044901] Published Wed Apr 01, 2026

We employ the Zubarev approach of the statistical operator to investigate the enhancement of the low-$p_T$ region of pion spectra, introducing an effective pion chemical potential, to describe the overpopulation of low-energy pion states. We test a corresponding freeze-out approach by analyzing the tra…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044902] Published Wed Apr 01, 2026

Motivated by recent observations of spin polarization and alignment in heavy-ion collisions, we study the impact of rotation on the transport properties of strongly interacting matter within kinetic theory in the relaxation time approximation. Our analysis focuses on the anisotropic shear viscosity—…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 044903] Published Wed Apr 01, 2026

A new model based on the relativistic Boltzmann equation in the isotropization time approximation is developed to investigate the collective behavior of the quark-gluon plasma produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The equation is solved in $(2+2)\mathrm{D}$ (two spatial and two momentum-space dimension…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034921] Published Thu Mar 26, 2026

We give an analytical expression for the in-plane polarization $P^x$ in heavy-ion collisions that has, to our knowledge, not been measured in heavy-ion collision experiments. We also carry out a numerical study of $P^x$ using a hydrodynamic-model simulation as a cross check for the analytical formula. It …

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034920] Published Wed Mar 25, 2026

The study of heavy-flavored baryon and meson production in proton-proton (pp) collisions provides crucial insight into the hadronization mechanisms of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this work an attempt has been made to describe the existing ALICE and LHCb results on the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-differential production…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034918] Published Tue Mar 24, 2026

This study investigates the impact of nucleon-nucleon correlations on heavy-ion collisions using the hadronic transport model smash in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=3$ GeV ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}+{}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ collisions. We developed an innovative Monte Carlo sampling method that incorporates both single-nucleon distributions and nucleon-nucleon corr…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034916] Published Mon Mar 23, 2026

The Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy provides a time-reversal-symmetric framework for describing the nonequilibrium evolution of many-body systems. Despite the success of Boltzmann-based numerical approaches, systematically extending beyond this lowest-order truncation to the fu…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034917] Published Mon Mar 23, 2026

Machine learning techniques have emerged as powerful tools for tackling nonperturbative challenges in quantum chromodynamics. In this study, we introduce a data-driven framework employing deep neural networks to systematically predict the temperature-dependent behavior of the screening mass $m_D\left(T\right)$ an…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034915] Published Wed Mar 18, 2026

The present work investigates the causal parameter space of the Mueller-Israel-Stewart second-order theory for heat-conducting fluids in the Eckart frame for one-dimensional fluid flow in systems with finite baryon density. It is shown that this parameter space is highly constrained and particularly…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034913] Published Tue Mar 17, 2026

We study how the inclusion of energy dependence as dictated by quantum chromodynamic (QCD) small-$x$ evolution equations affects key observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we incorporate JIMWLK evolution into the IP-Glasma framework, which serves as the initial condition …

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034914] Published Tue Mar 17, 2026

Rapidity asymmetry of jet-hadron correlation has been proposed as a robust signal of dijet‐induced diffusion wake in quark-gluon plasma in high‐energy heavy-ion collisions. We generalize this observable to other jet configurations such as $\gamma /Z^0$ jets and propose a new method to compute the rapidity as…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, L031901] Published Mon Mar 16, 2026

The production of light hypernuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions provides a unique opportunity to probe hyperon-nucleon interactions and possible three-body forces, which are central to the resolution of the hyperon puzzle in neutron star matter. In this work, we develop a data-guided coales…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034912] Published Fri Mar 13, 2026

This study investigates the influence of $\alpha$-cluster structures in relativistic light nuclear collisions. Using a cluster framework, I extract the characteristics of the nucleonic configurations of ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ as predicted by various ab initio models, including Nuclear Lattice Effective Field Theory …

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034909] Published Thu Mar 12, 2026

We investigate medium-induced modifications to jet substructure observables that characterize hard components in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Using a multistage Monte Carlo simulation of in-medium jet shower evolution, we explore flavor-dependent medium effects through simulations of in…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034910] Published Thu Mar 12, 2026

Using the expansion of Zubarev's density operator, we develop a linear response approach to study various spin physics in a locally equilibrated medium, particularly focusing on various polarization phenomena in heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we connect familiar correlation functions and diagra…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034911] Published Thu Mar 12, 2026

Studying experimental observables is a key benchmark for validating theoretical models in high energy physics. In this work, we employ the PACIAE 4.0 model to simulate nonsingle diffractive proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at center-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV, comparing the results with c…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034907] Published Wed Mar 11, 2026

In the multifluid description of heavy-ion collisions, the primary scatterings and particle production are described in terms of interaction between fluids, so called friction. These friction terms can be derived from kinetic theory, but they are not unique. We compare different approaches to derive…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034908] Published Wed Mar 11, 2026

Event-by-event fluctuations in the amplitudes of flow harmonics offer a novel approach to probing the initial-state characteristics in heavy-ion collisions. In this study, we conduct a systematic investigation of correlations among various flow harmonics utilizing multiparticle cumulants in ${}^{96}\mathrm{Ru}+{}^{\mathrm{9\dots }}\mathrm{Ru}$

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034905] Published Tue Mar 10, 2026

We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling for iterative Bayesian calibration. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can be used as informative priors that capture nontrivial distri…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034903] Published Fri Mar 06, 2026

The Richardson-Lucy algorithm is applied to reconstruct the three-dimensional source function of identical pions from their two-particle correlation functions. The algorithm's performance is first evaluated through simulations with Gaussian-type initial source functions. Its imaging quality and robu…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034904] Published Fri Mar 06, 2026

We show that a very clear signal of the presence of a strong magnetic field during the early stage of a high-energy heavy-ion collision is provided by the decay of the $Z^0$ into dimuon pairs. We find that the process is highly anisotropic, producing pairs mainly out of plane, as signaled by a negative…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034902] Published Thu Mar 05, 2026

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the elliptic flow coefficient, $v_2$, for charged hadrons at midrapidity in $d+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\mathrm{GeV}$. Utilizing a multiphase transport (AMPT) model in both default and string melting modes, we examine the dependence of $v_2$ on transverse momentum, coll…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 034901] Published Mon Mar 02, 2026

We apply the Bayesian model selection method (based on the Bayes factor) to optimize $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$-dependence in the phenomenological parameters of the $(3+1)$-dimensional hybrid framework for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the beam energy scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 024919] Published Fri Feb 27, 2026

Longitudinal particle production in heavy-ion collisions is influenced both by preferential emission from participating nucleons and by the breakup of spectator matter, yet quantifying these effects experimentally remains challenging. We introduce a Pearson correlation between spectator and charged-…

[Phys. Rev. C 113, 024917] Published Tue Feb 24, 2026